Introduction: The ethical dimensions of agriculture need to be explored, distinguishing between ethics in agriculture and ethics of agriculture. Ethics in agriculture is traditionally based on abstract moral theory, formulated through logical reasoning, but often found inadequate to address the complex ethical challenges within agriculture due to its abstract nature and lack of practical visibility. Conversely, ethics of agriculture is approached within a context-specific framework derived from the research topic with the aim of providing more tailored solutions. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive review of the relevant literature is conducted, using a descriptive-analytical approach to provide a conceptual framework for understanding AGRICULTURAL ethics. Conclusion: The article highlights the critical need for a comprehensive ethical framework to address the multifaceted ethical challenges in the AGRICULTURAL sector. The importance of analyzing and resolving ethical dilemmas at all stages of agriculture is underscored in order to align practices with human ideals and to ensure ethical decision-making by stakeholders involved in agriculture.

About two-thirds of rivers, lakes and groundWATER are applied for AGRICULTURAL production in the world. Same as other countries, a significant fraction of surface and groundWATER resources are used in AGRICULTURAL sector in Iran. WATER balance at country scale is the origin of estimation of applied WATER as AGRICULTURAL consumption. The variability of annual precipitation is as the origin of the components of WATER balance in hydrological cycle, caused changeability in the WATER consumption of AGRICULTURAL sector which are important reasons for estimating and re-estimating consumptive WATER in AGRICULTURAL sector. Therefore, in this study, consumptive WATER of AGRICULTURAL sector was analyzed based on long term (50 years) and short term (current 7 years) measured data for precipitation with the method of WATER balance in hydrological cycle in the country. Results revealed that average annual precipitation were 249±53 and 206±33 mm for two long and short studied periods, and the consumption WATER in AGRICULTURAL sector were 67 ±18 and 83±6 km3 for long (50 years) and short (7 years) periods for non-modified conditions. The modified consumption WATER for the short period was 75±6 MCM. Results revealed that for the long period, the WATER consumption in AGRICULTURAL sector was 0.50 of renewable WATER in the country. The outstanding of this study was up to date estimating of the WATER consumption in AGRICULTURAL sector and its analysis. But applying WATER balance method for this purpose has some substantial limitations and non-reliable simplifications. Therefore suitable experiments are needed to reliably the results.

Iran, due to its geographical location, has low rainfall and is considered a dry land. As a result, different regions of the country grapple with drought. The presence of WATER management systems, such as aqueducts and reservoirs, in most parts of the country, along with a variety of methods for conserving WATER for irrigation, may contribute to this claim. Considering that drought is an inherent phenomenon in Iran's climate, people have invented and used numerous methods to combat it and store WATER. The aim of this study is to monitor and evaluate drought in Iran. In order to realize this goal, precipitation data from synoptic, rain gauge, and climatology stations were extracted over a 51-year period, from 1970 to 2020. The results obtained from examining drought occurrences in five ten-year periods reveal that, with the exception of the third decade (1991 to 2000), drought has prevailed in the majority of Iran's regions compared to other decades. On the other hand, in the recent decades leading to 2020, the intensity of drought occurrences, especially in the Middle Zagros, has intensified, which has consistently been among the regions with the highest rainfall in Iran after the Caspian region. This situation can cause concern in Iran, a country where its AGRICULTURAL production hub is established along the Zagros mountain range. Moreover, the fluctuating behavior of Iran's droughts, with return periods of 2 to 5 years, has complicated the management strategies for these types of hazards. These conditions appear to have created numerous issues in many areas of Iran, particularly in the AGRICULTURAL sector of the western provinces, due to the lack of conformity with these types of occurrences.

This study was conducted during summer and winter of 2018- 2019 in the AGRICULTURAL research field of Shahid Chamran University. Experimental design was split- plot based on RCBD with three replications. The main plot was the type of AGRICULTURAL system in three levels including conventional (Conv), organic (Org) and sustainable (Sust) (integrated between Conv and Org) and sup- plot was the type of pre- cultivated crop in sequence with wheat including cultivation of mung bean (M- W), corn (C- W), sesame (S- W) and fallow (F- W). Yield quantity (yield and its component) and quality (grain protein), an estimate of photosynthesis matter transfer index of wheat and soil organic carbon (SOC) after one double-cropping were measured. The result showed that the highest (545.04 g/m2) and the lowest (409.28 g/m2) seed yields were obtained in Conv and Org respectively. In contract, with the changing type of system from Conv to Org, grain protein was increased significantly (from 8.3 to 9.6 %). In addition, the highest (535.47 g/m2) yield of wheat was obtained from M- W double cropping. On the other hands the highest remobilization and current photosynthesis matter were obtained in the organic AGRICULTURAL system with M- W and conventional with M- W double cropping. The situation of SOC showed that the highest (33.18 mg/g) SOC was obtained in the organic AGRICULTURAL system with C- W double cropping. The reason for improving SOC in the organic and sustainable AGRICULTURAL system was application of organic matter (compost and vermicompost) and crop residue management. Totally, from the crop ecology point of view, sustainable AGRICULTURAL method with a sequence of M- W was the most desirable system.

 Introduction The increased fresh-WATER demand due to the population growth will cause the pressure on WATER resources to increase in the future causing the WATER supply through saline and unconventional WATER to become a serious issue, especially in areas facing WATER scarcity. As reuse of the AGRICULTURAL wasteWATER reduces the pressure on WATER resources and improves environmental conditions, and some field wasteWATER is rich in sodium, this research has studied the sodium removability by sugarcane bagasse sorbents. agriculture is the greatest WATER consumer in the world where saline WATER not only reduces the products but also destroys the soil structure and damages the environment. WasteWATER desalination and its reuse is a relatively new approach in the WATER industry that solves saline-WATER problems through various methods, but it is uneconomical due to high equipment costs and energy consumption, especially in agriculture where WATER consumption and costs are much higher. Therefore, inexpensive primary saline-WATER modification methods can reduce desalination costs. To remove pollutants, various studies have used different adsorbents such as biochar, activated carbon, zeolite, and resin among which biochar can effectively remove pollutants from aquatic environments because it is an effective, inexpensive, polar, high-porosity adsorbent. Materials and Methods To produce biochar, this study utilized sugarcane bagasse as the primary biomass. The process involved several steps: 1. Washing and drying: the bagasse was washed multiple times with both ordinary and distilled WATER, then air-dried to eliminate residual salts. 2. Crushing and drying: it was crushed using an industrial mill and then placed in an oven at 60°C for 24 h to remove excess moisture. 3. Grinding: the dried bagasse was further ground using a small mill. 4. Sieving: the ground bagasse was passed through 60 and 100 mesh sieves in two stages to ensure uniformity. 5. Storage: the processed bagasse was stored in closed containers. The biomass was then converted to biochar using a heat-programmable electric furnace, with the temperature increased at a rate of 5°C.min-1 for even heat distribution. The bagasse was placed in a steel reactor, and nitrogen gas was injected at a constant flow rate to prevent oxidation. The biomass was maintained at 600°C for 2 h, after which the furnace was turned off, and the temperature was gradually reduced to room temperature while continuing the nitrogen gas flow. Each batch consisted of 20 g of biomass, yielding approximately five grams of biochar, resulting in a production efficiency of about 25%. Nano biochar (N-BC) was produced using a planetary ball mill with ceramic cups and bullets, maintaining a bullet-to-biochar weight ratio of 15:1. Results and Discussion In all treatments, increasing the initial sodium concentration enhances removability, with activated nano biochar showing higher removability under similar conditions compared to non-nano adsorbent. The greatest difference between the two is 179.5% in the treatment with 200 W microwave power for an initial sodium concentration of two g/l. Magnetic-activated nano biochar's removability is 18.8% less than that of activated biochar. The highest reductions are 40.3% and 68% for initial concentrations of four g/l and two g/l in activated non-nano adsorbent, while the lowest are 24.9% and 46.9% for similar concentrations in activated nano adsorbent. This indicates that sodium removability by activated nano adsorbent is less affected by reductions in initial sodium concentration, performing better at low sodium concentrations than the other two adsorbents. The highest reductions are 25.5% and 15.5% at 200W and 700 W powers for activated non-nano adsorbent, and the lowest are 12.9% and 5.8% at similar powers for activated nano adsorbent. This shows that activated nano adsorbent is less affected by non-optimal microwave power. The highest cavities that removed 99.9% of methylene blue were at 900W and 20 minutes. Average correlation coefficients are 0.994 and 0.886 for Langmuir and Freundlich models, respectively, with the former being more consistent with the measured data. The nf parameter is greater than one for all three adsorbents, indicating that the sodium adsorption process is mostly physical. According to the results, Langmuir and Freundlich linear models better match the real values, with the Langmuir model providing more accurate estimates than the Freundlich model. Conclusion WasteWATER desalination and its reuse is a relatively new approach in the WATER industry that solves saline-WATER problems through various methods, but it is uneconomical due to high equipment costs and energy consumption, especially in agriculture where WATER consumption and costs are much higher. Irrigation WATER salinity is a very serious problem in different parts of the world, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. The present research showed that increasing the initial sodium concentration enhanced sodium removal, with activated nano biochar. In addition, magnetizing nano-adsorbents reduced sodium removal. The highest sodium removal for all three adsorbents (activated non-nano, activated nano, and magnetically activated nano) in the 200 and 400 W treatments was observed at an activator-to-biochar ratio of three. The average correlation coefficients for the Langmuir and Freundlich models were 0.994 and 0.886, respectively, indicating that the Langmuir isothermal model better matched the measured data than the Freundlich model.

فلزات سنگین از مناسب ترین شاخص ها برای بررسی آلودگی منابع خاک و آب هستند و به دلیل پایداری درازمدت در محیط زیست می باشند. هدف از پژوهش حاضر بررسی آلودگی فلزات سنگین در خاک کاربری های جنگل، مرتع، کشاورزی و مسکونی در آبخیز واز است. سپس با استفاده از نتایج غلظت فلزات کروم، منگنز، آهن، نیکل، مس، روی، آرسنیک، کادمیم، جیوه و سرب و با استفاده از شاخص های عامل آلودگی، درجه آلودگی، درجه آلودگی اصلاح شده، زمین انباشت، شاخص غنی سازی و خطر اکولوژیک کیفیت رسوب در کاربری های مختلف بررسی شد. نتایج نشان داد که کاربری شهری هم از نظر عامل آلودگی و هم از نظر شاخص تجمع زمینی دارای بیش ترین مقدار است و کاربری های کشاورزی، جنگل و مرتع به ترتیب در رتبه های بعدی قرار دارند. از نظر درجه آلودگی کاربری مرتع آلودگی بسیار کم، کاربری های جنگل و کشاورزی آلودگی متوسط دارند و کاربری مسکونی دارای آلودگی زیاد است. از طرفی شاخص درجه آلودگی اصلاح شده نشان داد که کاربری جنگل، مرتع و کشاورزی دارای آلودگی بسیار کم و کاربری مسکونی دارای آلودگی کم است. در حوزه آبخیز واز کاربری مرتع و تا حد زیادی کاربری جنگل از نظر شاخص های آلودگی دارای مقادیر پایینی بودند اما به دلیل حضور دام در مراتع این منطقه و همچنین توریستی بودن جنگل های این حوضه احتمال آلوده شدن خاک این کاربری ها در آینده وجود دارد. با توجه به اینکه این حوضه یکی از ورودی های دریای خزر در شمال کشور است، بنابراین نیاز است که اقدامات حفاظتی لازم برای منابع آب و خاک در حوضه مورد نظر انجام گردد.

Wetlands as bird habitats play an important crucial role in the socio-environmental system. WATER restriction which resulted from high WATER losses in agriculture caused drying up wetlands in arid regions. Eco-environment WATER right could appropriately be improved by AGRICULTURAL demand management in the region. The purpose of this study was to not only evaluate the efficiency of different scenarios for the management of AGRICULTURAL WATER improvement including "modernization and upgrading AGRICULTURAL WATER distribution systems", "improvement of irrigation systems performance in farms", "crop pattern optimization" and "reducing groundWATER resource withdrawal" but also the combination of these scenarios to save the eco-environment WATER right for the wetlands. For this purpose, Zayandehroud WATERshed, consisting of six irrigation networks and Gavkhuni wetland was selected as the case study. The WEAP software used to model an integrated WATER management. Additionally, the efficiency of the scenarios evaluated and the reliability index for these scenarios obtained. The results displayed that the most flexible scenario was the implementation of all scenarios with flexibility index of 87. 3% followed by “, modernization and upgrading AGRICULTURAL WATER distribution systems”, , “, crop pattern optimization”,and “, reducing groundWATER resource withdrawal”,with a flexibility index of 81. 6% The least flexibility index belonged to the two scenarios of "improvement of irrigation systems performance in farms ", "crop pattern optimization" with a 2. 2% and 2. 6% value for the flexibility index. Therefore, the implementation of the combination of all management scenarios for AGRICULTURAL WATER demand could be the most sustainable solution for the restoration of Gavkhuni wetland.

WATER security is defined as the physical and economic access of rural households to sufficient and reliable amounts of WATER to meet their AGRICULTURAL needs, as well as their ability to defend their rights before the relevant authorities. Due to the changing pattern of rainfall and irregular rainfall and recent droughts in the country, better management of WATER resources and recognition of components and relationships between them is of great importance. In this study, to measure and determine the effective factors of WATER security, cross-sectional data related to 180 farmers in Ramjard region were collected by random sampling method through a questionnaire. The WATER security index was defined as the mixture of WATER availability, WATER assurance, WATER adequacy, ability to pay, willingness to pay, and legal issues (WATER conflict and problem solving procedure) and was measured using the Principal Components Analysis (PCA). The results showed farms that use integrated WATER resources have higher WATER security. The results of estimation of ordinary least squares method also showed that the variables of distance from the dam, the position of the land and the downfall well have negative effects and the type of channel, literacy level and training classes have positive effects on WATER security. It is expected that training farmers to repair and maintain irrigation systems, saving WATER and use of modern irrigation technology accompanying with further attention of the local authorities to address WATER supply problems and to inspect distribution and transmission of WATER may achieve the objective of WATER security.

The main purpose of the study was to investigate the factors affecting the sustainable management of AGRICULTURAL WATER in Hamedan. The study population included all wheat farmers possessing irrigated farms in Hamedan city (N=1800). Of these farmers a sample of 317 people has been selected by using randomized multi-stage sampling method. The data were collected through a questionnaire's tool with help of the interview technique. Accuracy of the questions in the questionnaire was face validated by a panel of specialists. To test the reliability of the questionnaires, the questionnaires were first given to 30 farmers and Cronbach's Alpha was calculated (Alpha=0.92) then the questionnaire was finalized. Data analyzing methods such as Multiple Regression and the coefficient of variation (CV=standard deviation /mean) were used in this study. To determine the level of sustainability of the farms Bossel method proposed for classification and grading the fields was used. The results showed that variables agronomic factors, policy factors and institutional factors were able to explain 34 percent of the dependent variable's changes (sustainable management of AGRICULTURAL WATER). According to the results, 95.3 percent of the farmers were categorized into unsustainable group, 4.1 percent into semi-sustainable and only 0.6 percent in sustainable group.